Riise ØR, Kirkhus E, Handeland KS, et al. Trends in the epidemiology of osteomyelitis: a population-based study, 1969 to 2009. Serum procalcitonin levels as a diagnostic marker for septic arthritis: a meta-analysis. Septic arthritis: diagnosis and treatment. Evaluation of the modified two-tiered testing method for diagnosis of Lyme disease in children. Current guidelines, common clinical pitfalls, and future directions for laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease, United States. Common running injuries: evaluation and management. Sacroiliac joint pain in the pediatric population. Osgood-Schlatter disease: appearance, diagnosis and treatment: a narrative review. Elsevier 2015: 551–592.Ĭorbi F, Matas S, Álvarez-Herms J, et al. Neuromuscular Disorders of Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence: A Clinician's Approach. In: Darras BT, Jones HR, Ryan MM, et al., eds. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Type III and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome hypermobility type): clinical description and natural history. Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (a.k.a. ![]() A systematic approach to the evaluation of a limping child. Clinical presentation of childhood leukaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Avulsion fractures of the pelvis - a qualitative systematic review of the literature. An osteological study on the prevalence of osteochondromas. Gaumer GR, Weinberg DS, Collier CD, et al. Effectiveness of interventions in reducing pain and maintaining physical activity in children and adolescents with calcaneal apophysitis (Sever's disease): a systematic review. ![]() Prevalence and associated factors of Osgood-Schlatter syndrome in a population-based sample of Brazilian adolescents. Apophysitis and osteochondrosis: common causes of pain in growing bones. The limping child: a systematic approach to diagnosis. A new clinical method to measure leg-length discrepancy. Distance between the malleoli and the ground. A nationwide cohort study of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Septic arthritis in children: diagnosis and treatment. Pediatric hip disorders: slipped capital femoral epiphysis and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Developmental dysplasia of the hip in adolescents and young adults. Schmitz MR, Murtha AS, Clohisy JC ANCHOR Study Group. Joint leaders' statement - violence against children: a hidden crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic. Pandemics and violence against women and children. Peterman A, Potts A, O'Donnell M, et al.Sports- and recreation-related injury episodes in the United States, 2011–2014. Transient synovitis, septic hip, and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: an approach to the correct diagnosis. Its incidence, epidemiology and relation to Perthes' disease. Acute non-traumatic hip pathology in children: incidence and presentation in family practice. Krul M, van der Wouden JC, Schellevis FG, et al. The limping child: epidemiology, assessment and outcome. Evaluating the child who presents with an acute limp. A complete blood count with differential, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein should be obtained if infection or malignancy is suspected. Abnormalities in bone marrow shown on magnetic resonance imaging indicate septic arthritis. Radiography shows the degenerative femoral head changes in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. ![]() Knee pain in an active adolescent may suggest Osgood-Schlatter disease. Hip pain in an adolescent who is overweight or has obesity may suggest slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Pain reported primarily at night can occur with neoplasms. Patient history, such as breech presentation at birth, and a leg-length discrepancy on physical examination may suggest developmental dysplasia of the hip. If septic arthritis is suspected, joint aspiration should be performed urgently with ultrasound guidance and the aspirated fluid sent for Gram staining, culture, and cell count. It can be differentiated from septic arthritis of the hip by the absence of fever or ill-appearance and with laboratory testing that shows normal or only mildly elevated inflammatory markers and white blood cell count. Transient synovitis of the hip is the cause of a limp in the absence of trauma in 80% to 85% of children. The differential diagnosis is broad and includes congenital/developmental, infectious, inflammatory, traumatic (including nonaccidental), and, less commonly, neoplastic etiologies. ![]() A limp is a deviation from normal gait pattern, with pain as the presenting feature in about 80% of cases.
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